{"id":5488,"date":"2025-01-24T07:03:00","date_gmt":"2025-01-24T06:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/uncategorized\/kubernetes\/"},"modified":"2025-01-24T14:50:10","modified_gmt":"2025-01-24T13:50:10","slug":"kubernetes","status":"publish","type":"encyclopedia","link":"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/","title":{"rendered":"Kubernetes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\"><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column 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of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #ffffff;color:#ffffff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #ffffff;color:#ffffff\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#What_is_Kubernetes\" >What is Kubernetes?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#How_does_Kubernetes_work\" >How does Kubernetes work?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Nodes_%E2%80%93_the_smallest_unit_in_the_Kubernetes_cluster\" >Nodes &#8211; the smallest unit in the Kubernetes cluster<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Worker_nodes\" >Worker nodes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Master_node\" >Master node<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Kubernetes_pods\" >Kubernetes pods<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Ephemeral_Container_%E2%80%93_The_ephemeral_nature_of_containerized_applications\" >Ephemeral Container &#8211; The ephemeral nature of containerized applications<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Deployments_as_superordinate_architecture_layers_of_the_container_deployments\" >Deployments as superordinate architecture layers of the container deployments<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#YAML_configuration_of_container_applications\" >YAML configuration of container applications<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Kubernetes_pods_and_dynamic_IP_addresses\" >Kubernetes pods and dynamic IP addresses<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#API_service_objects_of_Kubernetes_clusters\" >API service objects of Kubernetes clusters<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#ClusterIP\" >ClusterIP<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#NodePort\" >NodePort<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Load_balancer\" >Load balancer<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Kubernetes_Ingress\" >Kubernetes &amp; Ingress<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Kubernetes_auto-scaling_functions\" >Kubernetes auto-scaling functions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Horizontal_Pod_Autoscaler_HPA\" >Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Vertical_Pod_Autoscaler_VPA\" >Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Cluster_autoscaler_CA\" >Cluster autoscaler (CA)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#What_does_the_Kubernetes_architecture_look_like\" >What does the Kubernetes architecture look like?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Master_Node\" >Master Node<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#kube_API_server\" >kube API server<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Etcd\" >Etcd<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Kube_Controller_Manager\" >Kube Controller Manager<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Kube-Scheduler\" >Kube-Scheduler<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Working_node\" >Working node<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Cubelet\" >Cubelet<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Kube_proxy\" >Kube proxy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Container_runtime\" >Container runtime<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Why_is_Kubernetes_so_popular\" >Why is Kubernetes so popular?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#1_scalability_and_automation\" >1. scalability and automation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#2_platform_independence\" >2. platform independence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#3_modularity_and_expandability\" >3. modularity and expandability<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#4_community_and_open_source\" >4. community and open source<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#5_standardization_and_future-proofing\" >5. standardization and future-proofing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#6_seamless_integration_with_DevOps\" >6. seamless integration with DevOps<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#7_management_of_complex_applications\" >7. management of complex applications<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/#Conclusion_Kubernetes_as_a_game_changer\" >Conclusion: Kubernetes as a game changer<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_Kubernetes\"><\/span>What is Kubernetes?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"2\"><strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-infrastructure\/kubernetes\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"What is Kubernetes? Kubernetes is a DevOps tool for containerization and as an open source tool, the Kubernetes container orchestration tool manages the deployment, scaling and management of containerized applications.\" class=\"encyclopedia\">Kubernetes<\/a><\/strong> is a DevOps tool for containerization. As an open source tool, the <strong>Kubernetes container orchestration tool <\/strong>manages the <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">provision<\/strong>, <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">scaling<\/strong> and <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">administration of containerized applications.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"2\">This makes the<strong> Kubernetes tools<\/strong> indispensable DevOps tools for the <a href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/wiki\/cloud\/\"><strong>cloud<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"2\">\n<\/p><div id=\"attachment_3364\" style=\"width: 1737px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3364\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1777\" src=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/kubernetes-logo.png\" alt=\"Kubernetes - Container orchestration with Kubernetes container tools\" width=\"1727\" height=\"373\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/kubernetes-logo-200x43.png 200w, https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/kubernetes-logo-300x65.png 300w, https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/kubernetes-logo-400x86.png 400w, https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/kubernetes-logo-600x130.png 600w, https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/kubernetes-logo-768x166.png 768w, https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/kubernetes-logo-800x173.png 800w, https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/kubernetes-logo-1024x221.png 1024w, https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/kubernetes-logo-1200x259.png 1200w, https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/kubernetes-logo-1536x332.png 1536w, https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/kubernetes-logo.png 1727w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1727px) 100vw, 1727px\"><p id=\"caption-attachment-3364\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kubernetes &ndash; Container orchestration with Kubernetes container tools<\/p><\/div>\n<h2 data-renderer-start-pos=\"2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_does_Kubernetes_work\"><\/span>How does Kubernetes work?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Kubernetes manages container units in clusters, with the node concept playing a central role in the clustering of container applications:<\/p>\n<h3>Nodes &ndash; the smallest unit in the Kubernetes cluster<\/h3>\n<p>In Kubernetes, a <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">node<\/strong> is the smallest unit of computer hardware represented in the cluster. The node, whether it is a physical machine or a VM, is abstracted into a set of CPU and RAM resources that can be used. There are <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">two different types of nodes<\/strong> that make up the <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">Kubernetes cluster <\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Worker_nodes\"><\/span>Worker nodes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">worker node<\/strong>, referred to simply as a node in the terminology, is the location where the containerized applications are executed.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Master_node\"><\/span>Master node<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">master node<\/strong>, also known as the <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\"><span class=\"fabric-text-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-text-custom-color=\"#36b37e\">control plane<\/span><\/strong> is the one that manages <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">the state of the cluster<\/strong>. Together they form a <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">master-slave architecture<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div><a class=\"fusion-modal-text-link\" data-toggle=\"modal\" data-target=\".fusion-modal.Spotify Podcast Folge 18 - Confidential Computing - Teil 1 Rock the Prototype - Softwareentwicklung &amp; Prototyping\" href=\"#\"><iframe class=\"lazyload\" style=\"border-radius: 12px;\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27100%27%20height%3D%27352%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20100%20352%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27100%27%20height%3D%27352%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/embed\/episode\/0o2kVzv5h48xt9UxWfyhZ6?utm_source=generator\" width=\"100%\" height=\"352\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/a>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kubernetes_pods\"><\/span>Kubernetes pods<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"1073\">Containerized applications are packaged in <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">higher-level objects<\/strong>, so-called <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">pods<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"1165\">A pod can encapsulate multiple containers to share compute, storage and network resources. The pods <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">act as units of replication<\/strong> and can therefore be scaled by deploying new replicas. <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">However, pods scale as units and not as individual containers<\/strong> and should therefore only contain tightly coupled containers.<\/p>\n<h3 data-renderer-start-pos=\"1165\">Ephemeral Container &ndash; The ephemeral nature of containerized applications<\/h3>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"1526\"><strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">Pods<\/strong> are mortal and <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">should be considered volatile <\/strong>, meaning they can be terminated unexpectedly and redeployed on another node. <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">Rolling updates <\/strong>can be performed <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">on pods without downtime <\/strong>. This is achieved by incrementally updating each pod and scheduling the new pods on available nodes.<\/p>\n<h3 data-renderer-start-pos=\"1526\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Deployments_as_superordinate_architecture_layers_of_the_container_deployments\"><\/span>Deployments as superordinate architecture layers of the container deployments<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"1881\">Pods are usually managed by a <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">higher-level abstraction <\/strong>called <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">deployments<\/strong> to enable <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">self-healing<\/strong>, <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">scalability<\/strong>, <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">rolling updates<\/strong> and <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">rollbacks<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3 data-renderer-start-pos=\"1881\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"YAML_configuration_of_container_applications\"><\/span>YAML configuration of container applications<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"2055\">A deployment is defined as a <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/learn-programming\/yaml\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"YAML is an easy-to-read language for data serialization for all programming languages.\" class=\"encyclopedia\">YAML<\/a> configuration file<\/strong> that describes how to handle the pod. The deployment uses <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">ReplicaSets<\/strong> to ensure self-healing and scaling of the pods. For example, if a pod managed by a deployment fails, it is replaced by a new one, and if the load increases, more pods can be deployed to handle the load.<\/p>\n<h3 data-renderer-start-pos=\"2055\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kubernetes_pods_and_dynamic_IP_addresses\"><\/span>Kubernetes pods and dynamic IP addresses<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"2465\"><strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">Pods<\/strong> have <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">their own dynamic IP address<\/strong>, but this cannot be relied upon due to its volatility and is not disclosed outside the cluster.<\/p>\n<\/div><a class=\"fusion-modal-text-link\" data-toggle=\"modal\" data-target=\".fusion-modal.Apple Podcast Folge 18 - Confidential Computing - Teil 1 Rock the Prototype - Softwareentwicklung &amp; Prototyping\" href=\"#\"><iframe style=\"width: 100%; max-width: 660px; overflow: hidden; border-radius: 10px;\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.podcasts.apple.com\/us\/podcast\/folge-18-confidential-computing-teil-1\/id1684107786?i=1000655628820\" height=\"175\" frameborder=\"0\" sandbox=\"allow-forms allow-popups allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-storage-access-by-user-activation allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation\"><\/iframe><\/a>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><h2 data-renderer-start-pos=\"2465\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"API_service_objects_of_Kubernetes_clusters\"><\/span>API service objects of Kubernetes clusters<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"2690\">Kubernetes provides <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">API service objects<\/strong>, which are an abstraction with logical information to communicate with a set of pods in the cluster.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"2843\">There are different ways to define a service:<\/p>\n<h3 data-renderer-start-pos=\"2843\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ClusterIP\"><\/span>ClusterIP<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The ClusterIP shows the service internally in the cluster with an IP address.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"NodePort\"><\/span>NodePort<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The NodePort makes the service available on all nodes with a specific port, which forwards all data traffic to the automatically created cluster IP. The NodePort service can also be accessible outside the cluster.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Load_balancer\"><\/span>Load balancer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The<strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\"> LoadBalancer<\/strong> provides the service with the load balancer of a <a href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/cloud-computing-cloud-technology\/cloud\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"What is cloud? Cloud or cloud computing moves data and programs from desktop PCs or servers in a company to remote cloud servers. Cloud storage therefore consists of a standard server network in a cloud data center or distributed across several cloud server locations.\" class=\"encyclopedia\">cloud<\/a> provider. NodePort and ClusterIP are created automatically, to which the load balancer then forwards the traffic.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kubernetes_Ingress\"><\/span>Kubernetes &amp; Ingress<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"3465\"><strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">Ingress<\/strong> is another object to provide a service outside the cluster with load balancing and SSL termination. The <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">ingress controller<\/strong> is responsible for fulfilling the <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">ingress configuration <\/strong>and there are many different controllers to achieve this.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"3746\">Ingress works by providing a URL to forward external HTTP or HTTPS requests to services within the cluster.<\/p>\n<h2 data-renderer-start-pos=\"3895\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kubernetes_auto-scaling_functions\"><\/span>Kubernetes auto-scaling functions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Kubernetes offers <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">multiple levels of autoscaling features<\/strong> such as <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA)<\/strong>, <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA)<\/strong> and <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">Cluster Autoscaler (CA)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3 data-renderer-start-pos=\"4110\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Horizontal_Pod_Autoscaler_HPA\"><\/span>Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"4110\">The<strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\"> Horizontal Pod Autoscaler <\/strong> automatically scales the number of ReplicaSets in a deployment based on metrics such as CPU, memory, or other user-defined metrics. HPA is implemented as a controller that periodically polls the specified resource utilization using the metric specified by the Metrics API, called the Metrics Server.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"4495\">The target value of the metric is then compared to the queried utilization value as a percentage in each container in the pods. The controller takes the average of the determined value across all pods and creates a ratio to scale the number of pods.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"4764\">Kubernetes only provides CPU and memory as default metrics. To scale using a custom metric value provided by the application, another supported <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">metric server<\/strong> must be installed and configured.<\/p>\n<h3 data-renderer-start-pos=\"4764\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vertical_Pod_Autoscaler_VPA\"><\/span>Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"4764\">The <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">Vertical Pod Autoscaler<\/strong> allocates more or less CPU and memory resources to existing pods. The metric value can be initialized when the pod is created or monitored and scaled during the pod&rsquo;s lifetime.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"4764\">The VPA does not change the available resources of the running pods. Instead, it checks whether the managed pods have the correct resources, and if not, it terminates the pod. The pods are then rescheduled on available nodes with the newly set resources.<\/p>\n<h3 data-renderer-start-pos=\"4764\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cluster_autoscaler_CA\"><\/span>Cluster autoscaler (CA)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"4764\"><strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">Cluster Autoscaler <\/strong>scales the number of nodes in the cluster based on the total number of pending pods. It checks how many pending pods are available and adds new nodes to the cluster to enable the deployment of these pending pods. CA also deallocates unused nodes to optimize the cluster size. This feature can be easily integrated into the cluster through interfaces to cloud providers.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><h2 data-renderer-start-pos=\"4764\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_does_the_Kubernetes_architecture_look_like\"><\/span>What does the Kubernetes architecture look like?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The Kubernetes architecture consists of flexible and loosely coupled components that make up the cluster. Normally, a Kubernetes cluster consists of at least one master and several worker nodes.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Master_Node\"><\/span>Master Node<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The master node is responsible for providing the API, planning deployments and detecting and responding to events in the cluster. The master is also known as the control plane and consists of the following main components.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"kube_API_server\"><\/span>kube API server<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6579\">The <strong>API server<\/strong> is the central component that exposes the Kubernetes API. Every component in Kubernetes communicates with the server via a REST request. The API server is responsible for <a href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/it-security\/authentication\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Authentication is a multi-step process in identity management. Authentication in an IT system implements IT security functions that are realized by various security services and components.\" class=\"encyclopedia\">authentication<\/a> and authorization to verify the legitimacy of the request.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6866\">The API server also implements a monitoring mechanism so that other components can interact with it.<\/p>\n<h3 data-renderer-start-pos=\"6866\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Etcd\"><\/span>Etcd<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6866\"><strong>Etcd<\/strong> is a <strong>key-value store<\/strong> that is used to store the configuration data of the Kubernetes cluster. This means that it stores the essential information about the Kubernetes objects, such as running nodes and pods. Etcd can be used to configure a backup plan to restore the cluster in the event of a failure.<\/p>\n<h3 data-renderer-start-pos=\"6866\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kube_Controller_Manager\"><\/span>Kube Controller Manager<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6866\">The <strong>Kubernetes controller manager<\/strong> monitors the state of the cluster via the watch function on the API server. If an event occurs, the controller is notified and makes the necessary changes to transform the current state into the desired state.<\/p>\n<h3 data-renderer-start-pos=\"6866\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kube-Scheduler\"><\/span>Kube-Scheduler<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6866\">The kube-scheduler waits for schedule events and schedules pods on healthy nodes. Each pod that the scheduler detects performs a calculation to find the best node depending on the pod&rsquo;s required resources and QoS requirements.<\/p>\n<h3 data-renderer-start-pos=\"6866\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Working_node\"><\/span>Working node<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6866\">Each cluster has at least one working node, but usually several. Each worker node hosts scheduled pods and controls all running application workloads. The worker node provides Kubernetes runtime environments and communicates with the master node to ensure the desired state of the running pods. Each worker node consists of the following main components.<\/p>\n<h4 data-renderer-start-pos=\"6866\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cubelet\"><\/span>Cubelet<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6866\">The <strong>kubelet<\/strong> is an agent that is responsible for ensuring that the containers are executed on the node as expected. It communicates with the master node to receive the work tasks and sends information about the status of the running containers.<\/p>\n<h4 data-renderer-start-pos=\"6866\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kube_proxy\"><\/span>Kube proxy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6866\">The <strong>Kube proxy<\/strong> is a component that enables communication between pods and services. It helps to forward the request and performs load balancing for healthy pods.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6866\"><strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">The most common proxy mode is iptables<\/strong>. Iptables mode watches the master for added or removed service objects and applies iptables rules to intercept traffic to the virtual service IP address and forward it to a random pod.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6866\">There are other proxy modes such as userspace and IPVS, each with different implementations and load balancing algorithms.<\/p>\n<h4 data-renderer-start-pos=\"6866\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Container_runtime\"><\/span>Container runtime<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6866\">Each node requires a <strong>container runtime<\/strong> in order to execute containers in this operating environment. Kubernetes is very often used with <strong data-renderer-mark=\"true\">Docker as a container runtime environment <\/strong>, but also supports other OCI runtimes.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_is_Kubernetes_so_popular\"><\/span>Why is Kubernetes so popular?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"139\">Kubernetes is the most popular container orchestration tool used in a production environment today, according to a recent <a class=\"sc-eHgmQL jxCPuk\" title=\"https:\/\/www.cncf.io\/reports\/cncf-annual-survey-2021\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cncf.io\/reports\/cncf-annual-survey-2021\/\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\">Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) survey<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>But why exactly is Kubernetes so popular? The answer lies in its flexibility, scalability and comprehensive functionality, which enables developers and companies to manage modern applications efficiently.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_scalability_and_automation\"><\/span>1. <strong>scalability and automation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Kubernetes offers <strong>automatic scaling<\/strong> of containers, both horizontally and vertically. Companies can efficiently distribute workloads and spin up new instances on demand, which is particularly important in dynamic environments and for large applications with fluctuating traffic. The ability to automatically optimize resources saves costs and improves performance.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_platform_independence\"><\/span>2. <strong>platform independence<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>One of the biggest advantages of Kubernetes is its <strong>platform independence<\/strong>. It works on all common cloud providers such as AWS, Google Cloud and Microsoft Azure as well as in on-premises environments. This allows companies to design their infrastructure flexibly without being tied to a specific provider. This interoperability significantly reduces the risk of vendor lock-in.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_modularity_and_expandability\"><\/span>3. <strong>modularity and expandability<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Kubernetes has a modular structure and offers developers the opportunity to customize their infrastructure with a variety of extensions and plugins. Thanks to the open ecosystem, tools such as Istio for service meshes or Helm for package management can be easily integrated. This makes Kubernetes the ideal platform for complex, microservice-based architectures.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_community_and_open_source\"><\/span>4. <strong>community and open source<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Strong support from a global <strong>open source community<\/strong> makes Kubernetes a constantly growing and improving technology. The community regularly contributes new features, security updates and integrations, which not only keeps Kubernetes innovative, but also stable and reliable in the long term.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_standardization_and_future-proofing\"><\/span>5. <strong>standardization and future-proofing<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Through its widespread adoption, Kubernetes has de facto set the standard for container orchestration. Companies that use Kubernetes are investing in a technology that is highly likely to remain relevant in the future. This makes Kubernetes a safe choice for companies looking to invest in modern and future-proof IT infrastructures.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_seamless_integration_with_DevOps\"><\/span>6. <strong>seamless integration with DevOps<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Kubernetes is perfectly aligned with modern DevOps practices. It facilitates the introduction of Continuous Integration\/Continuous Deployment (CI\/CD) pipelines and automates the entire software lifecycle. This enables development teams to work faster, implement releases more efficiently and increase the quality of their applications.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_management_of_complex_applications\"><\/span>7. <strong>management of complex applications<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Kubernetes enables companies to manage highly complex applications with many services and dependencies. Functions such as self-healing (automatic restarts of faulty containers), rolling updates and canary deployments make Kubernetes an indispensable tool for managing modern applications.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion_Kubernetes_as_a_game_changer\"><\/span>Conclusion: Kubernetes as a game changer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The popularity of Kubernetes is no coincidence. Its robust architecture, broad support and future-proof orientation make it an indispensable part of modern software development. Companies that use Kubernetes benefit from increased efficiency, cost savings and a scalable infrastructure that can keep pace with the requirements of growing applications.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:1080px;--awb-max-height:608px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><priv-fac-lite-youtube class=\"fusion-hidden lty-load\" data-privacy-type=\"youtube\" videoid=\"cdZ2LFK3KO4\" params=\"wmode=transparent&amp;autoplay=1&amp;enablejsapi=1\" title=\"Prototype Perspectives: IT-Architektur - Standards - Relevanz in der Softwareentwicklung\" data-button-label=\"Play Video\" width=\"1080\" height=\"608\" data-thumbnail-size=\"auto\" data-no-cookie=\"on\"><\/priv-fac-lite-youtube><div class=\"fusion-privacy-placeholder\" style=\"width:1080px; height:608px;\" data-privacy-type=\"youtube\"><div class=\"fusion-privacy-placeholder-content\"><div class=\"fusion-privacy-label\">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class=\"privacy-policy-link\" href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/datenschutzerklaerung\/\" rel=\"privacy-policy\">Datenschutzerkl&auml;rung<\/a>.<\/div><button data-privacy-type=\"youtube\" class=\"fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent\">I Accept<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><h3>Rock the Prototype Podcast<\/h3>\n<p>The <strong>Rock the Prototype Podcast<\/strong> and the <strong>Rock the Prototype YouTube channel<\/strong> are the perfect place to go if you want to delve deeper into the world of web development, <a href=\"https:\/\/rock-the-prototype.com\/en\/prototyping-en\/prototyping\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"What is prototyping? Prototyping is both a process and a strategy for realizing ideas as quickly as possible.\" class=\"encyclopedia\">prototyping<\/a> and technology.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong>&#127911; Listen on Spotify: &#128073; Spotify Podcast: <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/41pm8rL\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/41pm8rL<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">&#127822;<\/span> Enjoy on Apple Podcasts: <span class=\"s1\">&#128073;<\/span>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/4aiQf8t\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/4aiQf8t<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the podcast, you can expect exciting discussions and valuable insights into current trends, tools and best practices &ndash; ideal for staying on the ball and gaining fresh perspectives for your own projects. On the YouTube channel, you&rsquo;ll find practical tutorials and step-by-step instructions that clearly explain technical concepts and help you get straight into implementation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rock the Prototype YouTube Channel<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#128640; Rock the Prototype is &#128073; Your format for exciting topics such as software development, prototyping, software architecture, cloud, DevOps &amp; much more.<\/p>\n<p>&#128250; &#128075;&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@Rock-the-Prototype\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rock the Prototype YouTube Channel<\/a>&nbsp;&#128072;&nbsp; &#128064;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#9989; Software development &amp; prototyping<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#9989; Learning to program<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#9989; Understanding software architecture<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#9989; Agile teamwork<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">&#9989; Test prototypes together<\/p>\n<p><strong>THINK PROTOTYPING &ndash; PROTOTYPE DESIGN &ndash; PROGRAM &amp; GET STARTED &ndash; JOIN IN NOW!<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4>Why is it worth checking back regularly?<\/h4>\n<p>Both formats complement each other perfectly: in the podcast, you can learn new things in a relaxed way and get inspiring food for thought, while on YouTube you can see what you have learned directly in action and receive valuable tips for practical application.<\/p>\n<p>Whether you&rsquo;re just starting out in software development or are passionate about prototyping, UX design or IT security. We offer you new technology trends that are really relevant &ndash; and with the Rock the Prototype format, you&rsquo;ll always find relevant content to expand your knowledge and take your skills to the next level!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\"><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><a class=\"fusion-modal-text-link\" data-toggle=\"modal\" data-target=\".fusion-modal.Rock the Prototype - Software development &amp; Prototyping Podcast iTunes\" href=\"#\"><iframe id=\"embedPlayer\" style=\"width: 100%; max-width: 660px; overflow: hidden; border-radius: 10px; transform: translateZ(0px); animation: 2s ease 0s 6 normal none running loading-indicator; background-color: #e4e4e4;\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.podcasts.apple.com\/us\/podcast\/rock-the-prototype-software-development-prototyping\/id1684835330?itsct=podcast_box_player&amp;itscg=30200&amp;ls=1&amp;theme=auto\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" sandbox=\"allow-forms allow-popups allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation\"><\/iframe><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is Kubernetes? Kubernetes is a DevOps tool for containerization and as an open source tool, the Kubernetes container orchestration tool manages the deployment, scaling and management of containerized applications. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3365,"template":"","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0},"categories":[1234],"tags":[3770,1171,1172,1977,3779,3772,3765,3763,3721,3758,3787,1144,3769,3768,3762,3782,3775,3777,3776,3789,3783,3781,3784,3788,3785,3780,3771,3756,3047,3774,3753,3754,3759,3755,3773,3761,3760,1142,3767,1147,1146,1148,3778,1173,1262,3751,3752,3786,3764,3766],"class_list":["post-5488","encyclopedia","type-encyclopedia","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-it-infrastructure","tag-api-service-objects","tag-app-en","tag-apps-en","tag-cloud-services-en","tag-cluster-autoscaler-en","tag-clusterip-en","tag-container-applications","tag-container-deployments-en","tag-container-runtime-en","tag-control-plane-en","tag-cubelet","tag-design-pattern-en","tag-dynamic-ip-address","tag-dynamic-ip-addresses","tag-ephemeral-container-en","tag-etcd-en","tag-ingress-en","tag-ingress-configuration","tag-ingress-controller-en","tag-iptables-en","tag-key-value-store-en","tag-kube-api-server-en","tag-kube-controller-manager-en","tag-kube-proxy-en","tag-kube-scheduler-en","tag-kubernetes-architecture","tag-kubernetes-clusters","tag-kubernetes-node-en","tag-kubernetes-cluster-en-2","tag-load-balancer-en","tag-master-node-en","tag-master-nodes-en","tag-master-slave-architecture","tag-node-en","tag-nodeport-en","tag-pod-en","tag-pods-en","tag-programming","tag-replicasets-en","tag-software-architecture","tag-software-design-en","tag-software-development","tag-vertical-pod-autoscaler-en","tag-web-app-en","tag-web-apps-en","tag-worker-node-en","tag-worker-nodes-en","tag-working-node-en","tag-yaml-configuration","tag-yaml-configuration-file"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kubernetes - What does the Kubernetes architecture look like?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is Kubernetes? 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